ESI Preprints

The Impact of Credit Rating Adjustments on Bond Spreads: Evidence from China

Sinbad Kurbonov — 2024-04-11

This paper investigates the impact of credit rating adjustments on bond spreads in the Chinese bond market, using a comprehensive dataset spanning from 2016 to 2022. Employing regression analysis and heterogeneity tests, the study explores the relationship between credit ratings, credit rating adjustments, and bond spreads, considering various control variables and the moderating effect of listing status. The findings reveal that credit rating adjustments significantly influence bond spreads, with upgrades narrowing spreads and downgrades widening them. Additionally, adjustments related to external support and firm performance were found to affect spreads, highlighting the importance of managing credit ratings for issuers. The study offers insights for investors, issuers, regulators, and academics, emphasizing the significance of credit rating information in investment decisions and market supervision. Overall, the research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics between credit rating adjustments and bond pricing in China's bond market, with implications for financial stability and economic development.

Play-Based Learning: Benefits and Challenges of its Implementation

Tekli Simon Haile — 2024-04-11

This study explores how Eritrean pre-school educators viewed and conceptualized play-based learning (PBL), the benefits, and challenges of its implementation. A semi-structured interview was conducted with nine teachers, six principals, and two pre-primary education curriculum developers. Interviews were thematically analyzed. The study found discrepancies between participants’ views and their implementation. Our findings indicate that most of the participants viewed PBL as incorporating both free-play and guided play. However, the result of this study revealed that free play cannot effectively be used as an instrument to teach lessons that have specific academic objectives such as numeracy and literacy skills. Besides, the researchers sought to investigate the actual practices of PBL and the study found that majority of educators were placed at the Child Adult Involvement Continuum extremes, free-play, and direct instruction. Furthermore, the result revealed that various challenges were teachers face as they try to implement PBL, but the most common barrier discussed by interviewees was the lack of awareness of parents and principals towards PBL. Finally, the study concluded that the reason teachers lie at the two extremes of the Child Adults Involvement Continuum could be due to their views towards PBL, and its benefits and the challenges they face in implementing it.

The Strategic Role of the Third Mission in Universities A Concrete Case Study

Rosamaria Rusciano — 2024-04-11

Purpose - In addition to teaching and research, the universities aim to contribute to the development of civil society by promoting the direct application, valorisation and use of knowledge. In reality, it is a widespread and shared opinion that it is no longer enough to carry out research within the university perimeter and publish subsequent works in scientific journals, nor can we be satisfied only with teaching children in university courses. Design/ methodology / approach - The methodology used is qualitative as the research question essentially was: how was the Third Mission (TM) included in the strategic choices of the Universities? In light of the new methods of evaluating universities, how can we highlight what they have done in terms of the third mission? Are organizational solutions possible in the approach to TM? Findings - The objective was to verify what the impact and future development of the Third Mission in the Universities will be. In light of its inclusion among the evaluation criteria of universities and teachers, the third mission represents the new frontier of the future in terms of local and national openness and development, as well as their economic and financial sustainability. To this end, the analysis of a case is proposed, as a best practice, and in particular the case of the Department of Business and Legal Sciences of the University of Calabria is presented. Originality / value – The application and implementation of rules and regulations is always difficult in any case and in any field, let's imagine in public administration and universities, bureaucratically "plastered" and not very inclined to change and innovation, especially regarding performance evaluation.

Do Vertical Contracts Lead to Foreclosure or to Efficiency Gains? An Empirical Study of the Food and Beverage Industry

Silvia Bertarelli — 2024-04-11

This paper presents a research method to determine whether vertical contracts concluded between firms operating at different levels of the supply chain are efficient from the perspective of the most recent industrial organisation theory. In this view, some case studies are presented concerning antitrust investigations against some large companies operating in the food and beverage sector in Italy. Despite the controversy surrounding the effects of vertical agreements, as they may be pro- or anti-competitive, the paper shows that not only market concentration but also intra-sectoral asymmetries are crucial factors to be assessed in order to distinguish between foreclosing and efficiency-enhancing agreements.

Etude Préliminaire de la Diversité et de la Structure du Peuplement Zooplanctonique de la Rivière Okpara au Bénin

Rafiou Raoul Thierry Gouton — 2024-04-11

La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la diversité et la structure du zooplancton dans la rivière Okpara. Le zooplancton de la rivière a été identifié et la structure de sa communauté évaluée dans neuf stations sélectionnées grâce à la richesse taxonomique, à la densité, à l’indice de diversité de Shannon et l’indice d’équitabilité de Piélou. Un total de 68 espèces de zooplancton a été enregistré, réparties en trois groupes : comprenant des rotifères (57), des copépodes (07) et des cladocères (04). Le nombre d’espèces a été plus élevé dans le cours inférieur, que dans le cours supérieur et dans le cours moyen. Les rotifères représentent les groupes les plus abondant avec 78,25 % de l'abondance totale, suivis des copépodes (20,7 %) et des cladocères (1,3 %). Keratella valga et Tropocyclops confinis sont les espèces les plus abondantes. Mytilina sp., Asplanchna girodi, Anuraeopsis sp., Lepadella sp., Asplanchna brightwellii, Asplanchna navicular, Trichocerca sp. et Trichocerca tenuior ont été enregistrés sur toutes les stations. Les valeurs moyennes d’abondance et de densité moyenne du zooplancton sont plus élevées en saison sèche qu’en saison pluvieuse. Les valeurs de la richesse, de l’indice de diversité de Shannon et d’équitabilité de Piélou sont plus élevées en saison pluvieuse qu’en saison sèche. La forte présence de certaines espèces indicatrices de pollution telles que Asplanchna brightwelli, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus falcatus pourrait indiquer la présence de polluants organiques dans la rivière. Il est donc nécessaire de mettre en place des mesures de surveillance efficaces afin de protéger la rivière de toute intrusion anthropogénique.

The objective of this study was to assess the diversity and structure of zooplankton in the Okpara River. The river's zooplankton were identified and their community structure assessed at nine selected stations using taxonomic richness, density, the Shannon diversity index and the Pielou equitability index. A total of 68 species of zooplankton were recorded, divided into three groups: rotifers (57), copepods (07) and cladocerans (04). The number of species was higher in the lower reaches than in the upper and middle reaches. Rotifers were the most abundant group with 78.25% of the total abundance, followed by copepods (20.7%) and cladocerans (1.3%). Keratella valga and Tropocyclops confinis were the most abundant species. Mytilina sp., Asplanchna girodi, Anuraeopsis sp., Lepadella sp., Asplanchna brightwellii, Asplanchna navicular, Trichocerca sp. and Trichocerca tenuior were recorded at all stations. The values for abundance and density of zooplankton are higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The values for species richness, Shannon diversity index and Pielou equitability are higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The strong presence of certain pollution indicator species such as Asplanchna brightwelli, Brachionus angularis and Brachionus falcatus could indicate the presence of organic pollutants in the river. Effective monitoring measures therefore need to be put in place to protect the river from anthropogenic intrusion.

Diving into the Depths of Belladonna: Uncovering the Secrets of the Deadly Nightshade

Mehrasa Nikandish — 2024-04-11

Tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine, are vital medicinal compounds found in various therapeutic formulations. These alkaloids are synthesized within the roots of specific genera of the Solanaceae family through a complex, partially understood multistep pathway. In efforts to deepen our comprehension of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, a novel de novo transcriptome assembly was crafted for Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna). A crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine is littorine, formed by the condensation of tropine and phenyllactic acid. Phenyllactic acid originates from phenylalanine through transamination to phenylpyruvate. Through transcriptome analysis, a distinct aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (ArAT), designated Ab-ArAT4, was identified. This enzyme coexists with known tropane alkaloid biosynthesis genes in the roots of A. belladonna. Silencing Ab-ArAT4 resulted in diminished synthesis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine due to reduced phenyllactic acid levels. In vitro studies revealed that recombinant Ab-ArAT4 primarily catalyzes the initial step of phenyllactic acid synthesis: the transamination of phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate.

Metsovo Lung: History of Population Environmental Exposure

C. Sxiza — 2024-04-11

The historical course of the Metsovo Lung phenomenon began to be investigated in the 1980s when extensive pleural calcifications causing malignant mesothelioma appeared at a high frequency beyond expectation. It was not possible to explain their frequency. This finding reasonably raised the question of whether it was indeed tuberculous pleurisy or something else. The biopsies carried out confirmed that these were tremolite asbestos fibres. These fibres were derived from a shielding material containing asbestos. This is a global phenomenon according to which the entire population of Metsovo was exposed to asbestos, without knowing it, from a traditional shielding material. The abandonment of the material and its non-use brought about a gradual reduction of the phenomenon, which also marks the reduction of mesothelioma.

The Social Responsibility of the Cameroonian Researcher in Management Sciences

Eustache Essono Bella — 2024-04-11

This article aims to initiate a reflection on managerial CSR in the Cameroonian context. A concept still little known in Africa in general, CSR draws its sources from numerous works on CSR. A look at the state of research in Cameroon shows that the practice of responsible research is a real feat. An assessment of the apprehensions that teacher-researchers have about their SR is necessary to begin work on this theme. We are calling on different stakeholders to improve SG research in Cameroon. This improvement will undoubtedly pass better through a research model such as “Grounded theory”, considered as a reference epistemological model for better production of managerial knowledge on African soil.

The Opportunity for Profit to College Student-AthletesAnalysis Study

Ezzeldin R. Aly — 2024-04-11

According to Romero (2018), NCAA athletes should receive better compensation; he also said that demand for elite professional athletes is related to salary, just as in any professional industry. Collegiate studentathletes devote daily time and energy to completing their profession. The likelihood of a high school student-athlete taking part in a collegiate sport is extremely low. This number drops even more for student-athletes who receive full-ride scholarships. Although some college student-athletes are compensated through educational opportunities or academic scholarships, they still live at or below the national poverty level. The NCAA is a nonprofit organization that regulates collegiate sports. This recent study emphasizes the livelihood of collegiate student-athletes and the rules they must follow; more so, it investigated the possible opportunities that college student-athletes might have. These opportunities may come in the form of future compensation challenges and endorsement opportunities. Additionally, this study looked at the coach’s salaries compared to collegiate student-athletes’ opportunities to profit from their crafts.

Buried Treasures and Ancient Forges: A Historical Analysis of Mines and Ironworks in the Stilaro Valley

Elia Fiorenza — 2024-04-11

This study aims to examine in detail the mines and ironworks in the Stilaro valley and the ancient ironworking process that took place there. Until the end of the 19th century, the area comprising the municipalities of Bivongi, Pazzano, Stilo, Fabrizia, Mongiana, and Guardavalle, represented one of the most significant iron and mining centers in southern Italy. This study is based on archaeological, historical, and archival sources to deepen the understanding of such economic and industrial activities that characterized the region. The historical and geological framework of the Stilaro valley provides an overview of the mineral riches and the complex mining and ironworking activities that have taken place over the centuries. Historical evidence, supported by significant findings, suggests an ancient presence of metalworking in the region, with an influence extending to Magna Graecia. The analysis of mines and ironworks reveals a complex dynamic of adaptation and interaction among ancient peoples, whose migration and settlement were influenced by the natural resources and economic opportunities offered by the region. The role of mines and ironworks not only contributed to local economic and industrial development but also shaped the cultural and social landscape of ancient and medieval Calabria. The implementation of conservation and enhancement projects, such as the Ecomuseum of the Ironworks and Foundries of Calabria, underscores the importance of preserving this historical and industrial heritage for future generations.

Influence des Matériaux de Protection des Puits Traditionnels à Usage Domestique sur la Qualité de l’Eau : Cas de la Commune de Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire)

Agness Essoh Jean Eudes Yves Gnagne — 2024-04-11

Les puits traditionnels à usage domestique constituent une source importante en eau pour une frange partie de la population du district d’Abidjan. Étudier la qualité de cette eau est une nécessité. C’est pourquoi ce travail a été initié. Il a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact des matériaux de protection des puits traditionnels à usage domestique sur la qualité des eaux. Pour mener à bien cette étude nous avons identifié par enquête cinq (5) puits traditionnels issus de la même zone géologique. Parmi ces puits choisis, quatre (4) possèdent des matériaux de protection tels que les pneus d’automobiles, les fûts métalliques, le plastique PVC (polychlorure de vinyle) et les briques de ciment au niveau du cuvelage. Quant au cinquième qui représente le puits témoin, il ne possède pas de matériaux de protection en occurrence le cuvelage. Les eaux de ces puits ont été soumises à des analyses physico-chimiques sur la base de la norme française et celles décrites par Rodier et al. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que le fer et la silice qui sont des constituants chimiques des pneus d’automobiles, des briques et le plastique PVC sont en concentrations très importantes dans les eaux dont les cuvelages sont confectionnés à partir de ces matériaux. Les différents éléments chimiques (silice et fer) se retrouvent dans ces eaux par les réactions de dissolution et d’oxydation.

Traditional wells for domestic use are an important source of water for part of the population of the Abidjan district. It is essential to study the quality of this water. That is why this study was initiated, with the aim of studying the impact of materials used to protect traditional domestic wells on water quality. To carry out this study, we identified five (5) traditional wells by means of a survey. Four (4) of these wells had protective materials such as car tyres, metal drums, PVC plastic and cement bricks in the casing. The fifth, the control well, has no protective materials. Their water was subjected to physico-chemical analysis. These analyses were carried out using French standard methods and those described by Rodier et al. Iron and silica, which are chemical constituents of car tyres and bricks, and PVC plastic exclusively in the case of silica, were found in very high concentrations in the water whose casings were made from these materials, compared with the control well. In fact, the control well is uncased and shares the same geological nature as the other cased wells. The various chemical elements (silica and iron) are found in this water through dissolution and oxidation reactions. The physico-chemical parameters of the wells with casings were compared with those of the control wells using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, and the well waters were divided into groups using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Popular Food Products Among Farmers in the Piedmont Triad Region of North Carolina

Uchenna Okefi — 2024-04-11

This study evaluated the products produced by farmers in the 12- county Piedmont Triad Region of North Carolina. It aimed to enhance the local food economy for the region by identifying food items that may be more suitable for production. Survey respondents were asked to list all food items that they produced. The listed items were categorized as either crops or livestock products. The percentages of farmers that produced the different food items were calculated and compared. Beef was the number one livestock product produced by farmers in the region. Tomatoes, then lettuce, were the most predominant plant products produced by the region’s farmers. One of every six farmers in the region produced tomatoes. Beef was produced by one of every eight farmers in the region. New and beginning farmers will do well by considering these products because their production by many existing farmers may imply that there is a ready market for them.

Acceptance of Papillomavirus Vaccination among Females in Al-leith Province, Saudi Arabia

Hajar Alomari — 2024-04-11

A community-based study was carried out among females in Al-leith province, Saudi Arabia to identify the acceptance of females to be vaccinated against Human Papillomavirus (HPV). We interviewed 315 females in ages from 11 to 26, the target group of HPV vaccination. The relevant data were collected using a simple questionnaire. The findings illustrated that majority of participants were in age group (15 – 26 years), the actual target of vaccination against HPV, most of participants were Saudi females, and most of them were not married. It was found that less than half (43.8%) of females were willing to receive the vaccine, and the rest of the total females did not accept vaccination. The study concluded that still high percentage of females in Saudi Arabia did not accept vaccination against Human papillomavirus, the issue that need more efforts to increase the percentage of vaccination acceptance.

Enhancing Community Participation at Local Development Projects in Bangladesh: Experience from Union Parishad Governance Project

Esmat Ara — 2024-04-11

The study aimed to develop an approach for effective community participation in local development projects. Researchers conducted a field study in Sunamgonj district, one of the most vulnerable areas in Bangladesh, and collected information from Union Parishads (UP) chairpersons and members, secretaries, committee members, and local beneficiaries through interviews, and FGDs using purposive sampling and analyzed them employing thematic analysis method. Study findings revealed that although UP is considered as a close- knit community-based organization in terms of the nature of development work and geographic location, yet inclusive decentralization and democratic environment have not been established at the local level institutions for enhancing a meaningful community participation at local level development projects due to outsider interferences, nepotism, lack of knowledge and information, top-down bureaucratic decisions, gender discrimination, and corruption. It is believed that the model of meaningful decentralized participation system would help to mobilize the comprehensive local development process.

Le Plafonnement de Carrière: Source de Stress au Travail dans les Grandes Entreprises au Cameroun

Innocent Essomme — 2024-04-11

Cette étude montre les effets du plafonnement de carrière sur les manifestations de stress professionnel des employés dans les grandes entreprises camerounaises. Une enquête par questionnaire réalisée auprès de 160 employés de ces entreprises et le test de corrélation de Pearson effectué, a permis d’aboutir aux résultats montrant que le plafonnement de carrière est réelle dans les grandes entreprises camerounaises et n’a pas un effet systématique sur toutes facette du stress professionnel. Toutefois, les employés objectivement plafonnés à leur poste sont très anxieux au sujet de leur avenir dans l’entreprise et ont des vertiges au travail. De plus, ceux qui qui sont subjectivement plafonnés ont des difficultés dans les relations professionnelles et semblent être peu coopératifs aux décisions de l’organisation. Nous recommandons aux dirigeants de ces entreprises de favoriser l’employabilité des personnes plafonnés ; de donner une place importante au suivi-évaluation des pratiques de gestion des carrières implémentées dans leurs entreprises et enfin, d’organiser régulièrement des séminaires d’information et de formation sur la gestion des carrières au sein de l’entreprise.

This study shows the consequences of career plateauing on the professional stress experienced by employees of large companies in Cameroon. A questionnaire survey of 160 employees of these companies and a Pearson correlation test led to the results that career plateauing is real in large Cameroonian companies and does not have a systematic effect on all manifestations of work-related stress. However, employees who have already spent more than six years in their job are very anxious about their future in the company and feel dizzy at work. What's more, those who feel blocked in their progress have more difficulties in their relationships at work and appear to be uncooperative with the company's decisions. We recommend that the managers of these companies promote the employability of people with ceilings; give an important place to the monitoring and evaluation of the career management practices implemented in their companies; and finally, organise regular information and training seminars on career management within the company.

SME Instrument: An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of the Second Phase of the Instrument on the Performance of Italian Enterprises

Peppino De Rose — 2024-04-22

This article is part of the strand of research on evaluating the effectiveness of public funds in stimulating the growth of research and development activities in the private sector. The research focus is on the SME Instrument, in its original version born within Horizon 2020, and in particular Phase 2 of the instrument is being attended to. The research question, therefore, is "Has the second phase of the SME Instrument had a positive impact on the Italian SMEs that have joined it? If yes, to what extent?" The approach to this topic will be quantitative and microeconomic in dimension: in fact, the evaluation will be based on quantitative data inherent in the innovation (and non-innovation) performance of individual firms. At the conclusion of the analysis and estimation process, it can be concluded that the second phase of the SME Instrument did not produce significant additional effects on the performance of firms, approximated by the ratio of total sales to total assets. The only exception is those enterprises aged between 6 and 15 years, for which there is a partially significant increase in the sales/assets ratio after receiving funding. Given the research results and given that public and private management share a common interest in making their investments effective and efficient by seeing a return on them, the implications for policy makers are twofold: personalization of policy and promotion of an integrated innovation model, both of which imply a rethinking of the instrument. However, like any research, the results obtained are never an end point, but the starting point for new reflections from which to develop further research.

Prolapsus Gravidique: Facteurs de Risque, Complications et Prise en Charge en Afrique Sub-Saharienne

H. Soumana Diaouga — 2024-04-22

Objectif : Le but de cette étude était d’aborder les caractéristiques socio démographie, les aspects thérapeutiques et le pronostic du prolapsus utérin extériorisé survenu pour la première fois pendant la grossesse. Patientes et Méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude prospective sur une période de 12 mois (1er janvier au 31 décembre 2021) portant sur les patientes prise en charge pour prolapsus gestationnel. Résultats: Sept cas ont été enregistrés durant la période d’étude. La fréquence du prolapsus gestationnel était de 2 cas/1000 accouchements dans notre service. Les patientes étaient jeunes (28- 31 ans), multipares avec un âge moyen de 28,57 ans et une parité moyenne de quatre enfants. Elles étaient très jeunes à leurs premier accouchement (16- 20 ans). La plupart de facteurs de risques décrits dans la littérature étaient retrouvés chez nos patientes. La rupture prématurée des membranes (2 cas, 28,57%), la chorioamniotite (1 cas, 14,28%), l’accouchement prématuré (1 cas, 14,28%), l’hémorragie de la délivrance (1 cas, 14,28%) et l’anémie (1 cas, 14,28%) ont été les complications retrouvées. Un traitement conservateur a été réalisé chez toutes les patientes (100%). L’évolution était favorable avec une régression spontanée du prolapsus dans le post-partum immédiat chez toutes nos patientes (100%). Après six mois de suivi, les prolapsus n´ont pas récidivés. Conclusion : Le prolapsus gestationnel n’est pas exceptionnel dans notre contexte. Malgré son caractère angoissant pour la patiente, sa famille et l’équipe obstétricale, une attitude conservatrice peut se discuter devant un prolapsus apparu pour la première fois au cours de la grossesse chez une patiente jeune sans antécédents pathologiques particuliers.

Objective : The aim of this study was to address the sociodemographic characteristics, therapeutic aspects and prognosis of externalized uterine prolapse occurring for the first time during pregnancy. Patients and Methods : This was a prospective study over a period of 12 months (January 1 to December 31, 2021) focusing on patients treated for gravidarum prolapse. Results : Seven cases were recorded during the study period. The frequency of gravidarum prolapse was 2 cases/1000 deliveries in our department. The patients were young (28-31 years old), multiparous with an average age of 28.57 years and an average parity of four children. They were very young when they first gave birth (16-20 years old). Most of the risk factors described in the literature were found in our patients. Premature rupture of membranes (2 cases, 28.57%), chorioamnionitis (1 case, 14.28%), premature delivery (1 case, 14.28%), postpartum hemorrhage (1 case, 14.28%) and anemia (1 case, 14.28%) were the complications found. Conservative treatment was carried out in all patients (100%). The evolution was favorable with spontaneous regression of the prolapse in the immediate postpartum period in all our patients (100%). After six months of follow-up, the prolapses have not recurred. Conclusion : gravidarum prolapse is not exceptional in our context. Despite its distressing nature for the patient, her family and the obstetric team, a conservative attitude can be questioned when faced with a prolapse appearing for the first time during pregnancy in a young patient without any particular pathological history.

Aptitudes des Principaux Porte-Greffages de Mangifera indica à Supporter les Variétés Primeurs comme Kent, Papaye et Ateudj en Casamance

Omar Boun Atab Diédhiou — 2024-04-22

La valeur de la production de mangue au Sénégal est estimée à près de 4 milliards de FCA. Toutefois, comme les autres filières fruits et légumes, la performance de celle de la mangue reste toujours en deçà des ententes. Afin de relever ce défi, cette étude porte sur le greffage des variétés locales pour améliorer leur productivité. Ce travail réalisé dans le centre d’application du département d’agroforesterie concerne le test de greffage de trois variétés de Mangifera indica précoces (Papaye, Ateudj et Kent) avec quatre porte-greffes (Papaye, Sierre Léone, Diourou et Kouloubadaséky). Ce travail a contribué à l’identification des meilleurs porte-greffes pour les variétés Papaye, Kent et Ateudj. Il est ressorti de cette expérience que la variété Kouloubadaséky donne un meilleur taux de réussite (93,33% ±11,55) avec la variété Ateudj. La variété Diourou donne le plus grand taux de réussite (90% ±10). La variété Papaye a donné le meilleur taux de réussite (100%) avec elle-même. Les performances des variétés Kouloubadaséky, Diourou et Papaye sont révélées pour les greffons des variétés Ateudj, Kent et de Papaye. En effet les greffons ont donné des taux de survie élevés 80,88% pour Ateudj et 79,10% pour Kent 76,19% pour Papaye. En termes de croissance le porte greffe Sierra Léone donne les meilleurs taux de croissance (greffon Ateudj (67,26% ±4,77) et greffon Kent (52,95% ±11,44)). Par contre le greffon Papaye croit plus s’il est supporté le portegreffe Diourou avec un taux de croissance (71,71% ±8,25).

The value of mango production in Senegal is estimated at nearly 4 billion CFA francs. However, like the other fruit and vegetable sectors, the performance of the mango sector still falls short of the agreements. In order to meet this challenge, this study focuses on the grafting of local varieties to improve their productivity. This work carried out in the application center of the agroforestry department concerns the grafting test of two early varieties of Mangifera indica (Papaya and Ateudj) with four rootstocks (Papaya, Sierre Léone, Diourou and Kouloubadaséky). This work contributed to the identification of the best rootstocks for the early varieties Papaya, Kent and Ateudj. It emerged from this experiment that the Kouloubadaséky variety gives a better success rate (93.33% ±11.55) with the Ateudj variety. The Diourou variety gives the highest success rate (90% ±10). The Papaya variety gave the best success rate (100%) with itself. The performance of the Kouloubadaséky, Diourou and Papaya varieties is revealed for the grafts of the Ateudj, Kent and Papaya varieties. Indeed, the grafts gave high survival rates: 80.88% for Ateudj and 79.10% for Kent, 76.19% for Papaye. In terms of growth, the Sierra Leone rootstock gives the best growth rates (Ateudj graft (67.26% ±4.77) and Kent graft (52.95% ±11.44)). On the other hand, the Papaya scion grows more if it is supported by the Diourou rootstock with a growth rate (71.71% ±8.25).

The Development of Critical Thinking Skills during Practical Training: The Perspectives of Pedagogical Supervisors and Sports and Physical Education Trainees

Beralex Vianney Nziengui Nsonde — 2024-04-22

In the Republic of Congo, formal teacher training is comprised of both theoretical and practical components. Theoretical training takes the form of theoretical courses within the training institution itself. On the other hand, practical training takes place in professional settings such as secondary school. The purpose of this comparative study was to identify the conceptions of critical thinking development held by pedagogical supervisors and student trainees. Rooted in a qualitative methodological approach, this research was based on Eric Lavertu's (2013) conceptual approach to the development of critical thinking during internships. Eight (08) pedagogical supervisors and nineteen (19) student-interns voluntarily participated in the study via focus groups. The results revealed a categorization of several didactic-pedagogical devices for the development of student-interns' critical thinking, according to both the pedagogical supervisors and the studentinterns themselves. To foster the development of critical thinking in student trainees, the devices mentioned specify that the supervisor must implement a supervisory pedagogical approach anchored in a socio-constructivist paradigm to accompany the student's development while employing a reflective approach in coaching. In addition, these systems stress the importance of placing the student at the center of their learning, making them a real player in their own development.

L'Utilité de la Balanced Scorecard (BSC) dans l'Évaluation des Stratégies de Financement à l'Ère de la Numérisation des Ètablissements Publics

Rajae Sabhi — 2024-04-22

Cet article explore le rôle central de la Balanced Scorecard (BSC) dans l'évaluation des stratégies de financement au sein des établissements publics à l'ère de la numérisation. Nous plongeons d'abord dans les concepts clés de la BSC, mettant en avant son utilité en tant qu'outil d'analyse et de mesure des performances financières et opérationnelles. La BSC offre un cadre global permettant de traduire la vision et la stratégie d'une organisation en indicateurs concrets, facilitant ainsi des décisions éclairées. Parallèlement, cet article souligne les défis théoriques majeurs posés par la numérisation pour les établissements publics. La transition vers le numérique a des répercussions profondes sur la gestion financière, l'ajustement des stratégies, et la réponse aux attentes croissantes des citoyens et des parties prenantes. Dans ce contexte, l'adaptation des stratégies de financement devient cruciale. La BSC, en tant qu'outil de mesure et d'évaluation, se révèle être un allié précieux pour les gestionnaires publics, permettant de suivre les performances, d'identifier les domaines nécessitant des améliorations, et d'ajuster les ressources financières en conséquence. La méthodologie de recherche de cette communication repose sur une analyse documentaire approfondie de la littérature scientifique, des rapports gouvernementaux pertinents, et des données provenant d'organismes nationaux et internationaux. En conclusion, cet article vise à éclairer les décideurs publics et les gestionnaires sur l'importance de la BSC dans l'amélioration des stratégies de financement à l'ère de la numérisation. Il offre des perspectives éclairées et des recommandations concrètes, basées sur une analyse documentaire solide, pour contribuer à une gestion financière efficace et à l'adaptation réussie des établissements publics dans ce contexte en constante évolution.

This article explores the central role of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in assessing funding strategies within public institutions in the age of digitization. We first dive into the key concepts of the BSC, highlighting its usefulness as a tool for analyzing and measuring financial and operational performance. BSC offers a comprehensive framework for translating an organization's vision and strategy into concrete indicators, thereby facilitating informed decision-making. At the same time, this article highlights the major theoretical challenges posed by digitization for public institutions. The transition to digitalization has profound repercussions on financial management, the adjustment of strategies, and the response to the growing expectations of citizens and stakeholders. In this context, adapting financing strategies becomes crucial. BSC, as a measurement and evaluation tool, is proving to be a valuable ally for public managers, enabling them to monitor performance, identify areas requiring improvement, and adjust financial resources accordingly. The research methodology of this paper is based on an in-depth documentary analysis of scientific literature, relevant government reports, and data from national and international organizations. In conclusion, this paper aims to enlighten public decision-makers and managers on the importance of BSC in improving funding strategies in the digitization era. It offers informed perspectives and concrete recommendations, based on a solid literature review, to contribute to effective financial management and the successful adaptation of public institutions in this ever-changing context.

Impact de la Restauration des Zones Dégradées sur la Diversité Floristique de la Forêt Classée d’Agbo 2 en Côte d’Ivoire

Youssouf Koné — 2024-04-22

La présente étude, menée dans la forêt classée d’Agbo 2 d’une superficie de 4705 hectares, est située au Centre-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude a pour objectif d’améliorer les connaissances sur la valeur écologique de la forêt classée d’Agbo 2. Pour ce faire, des dispositifs d’échantillonnage surfaciques ont été installés et des inventaires itinérants ont été réalisés. Ces deux méthodes ont permis de recenser 121 espèces végétales dont 13 sont des espèces vulnérables inscrites sur la liste rouge de l’UICN. La flore du stade mature des plantations de Teck et de Gmélina ressemble à celle des forêts enrichies avec le Fraké, qui ajoutée aux forêts enrichies avec le Bété sont similaires floristiquement avec les forêts naturelles. De parmi les zones restaurées, les forêts enrichies en espèces locales (Bété et Fraké) sont plus riches et plus diversifiées que les plantations avec les espèces exotiques (Teck et Gmélina). Les forêts dégradées et les zones de restauration abritent des espèces qui doivent être pris en considération lors des études, car elles représentent un écosystème avec une large gamme d’espèces ayant d’importantes valeurs pour le bien-être des populations. La restauration des espaces dégradés par enrichissement serait la méthode appropriée pour un retour à la végétation originelle.

This study was carried out in the 4705 hectare Agbo 2 classified forest in central-eastern Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of the study was to improve knowledge of the ecological value of the Agbo 2 classified forest by installing surface sampling devices and carrying out itinerant inventories. These two methods were used to identify 121 plant species, 13 of which are vulnerable species on the IUCN red list. The flora of the mature stage of Teak and Gmélina plantations resembles that of forests enriched with Fraké, which, in addition to forests enriched with Bété, are floristically similar to natural forests. Among the restored areas, the forests enriched with local species (Bété and Fraké) are richer and more diverse than the plantations with exotic species (Teak and Gmélina). Degraded forests and restoration areas harbor species that should be taken into account in the studies, as they represent an ecosystem with a wide range of species with important values for the well-being of populations. Restoring degraded areas by enrichment would be the appropriate method for a return to the original vegetation.

Analogy of Glass and Straw: Understanding the Structure and Functions of Mombasa Port in East Africa's Transportation Networks’

Kingsford Rucha — 2024-04-22

Ports significantly influence the socio-economic development of any nation or region that depends on them. However, this is usually affected by many factors that render inefficiencies at the ports and along the corridors to the hinterland. This paper is an improved extract from a policy influencing assessment report on the socio-economic impact of operationalizing the standard gauge railway in the Port City of Mombasa to appreciate the ports’ role. The study presents a concise analysis and a sneak preview of what may be considered a rare analysis of this topical issue. The study relied on secondary reports and information on the efficient and effective transport corridors in Eastern Africa. The East Africa region transport corridors consist of two major international corridors, the Northern Corridor and the Central Corridor, which traverse the sub-region, forming a CBTI network, each linking seaports with land-locked countries. A growing enhancement inland connectivity provides land-locked countries with adequate access to ports. The study delves into the ownership structure and development of the Port of Mombasa to address the objective. The study found that the degree of ownership naturally depends on national ideology. Thus, the management by Kenya Ports Authority depicts a public ownership structure. Evidenced also was the role of the Port of Mombasa in cargo movement within the corridors to rail and road networks for inter-land transportation. Mombasa Port Community Charter (the “Charter”) seeks to optimize the full trade potential of the Port of Mombasa, in essence, helping a great deal in making the Port a competitive enabler of the northern transport corridor. Indeed, for a straw to draw well and judge its functionality, the content in the glass must be well prepared for drawing. One cannot blame a water pipe for not piping water efficiently, and the dam must also be functional.

Career Decision Regrets in Faculty of Sport Sciences

H.Mehmet Tunçko — 2024-04-22

University education as an important choice shapes the professional career. Career in sport is difficult than the other professional areas. Because the professional career process in sport is different from the classical occupational choices. Sometimes individuals feel career regret in difficult experiences. Then the negative feelings become a depression, loss of selfconfidence etc. So, the purpose of this study was to determine the career decision regrets of students in faculty of sport sciences. The most commonly technique in descriptive research models, the survey method is used in the study. The study group consisted of 400 students from the four different departments in Bartın University, Faculty of Sport Sciences. In the study, individual information form which had developed by the researchers and ‘Career Decision Regret Scale’ was used. Descriptive statistics, t-test for independent groups and one-way Anova tests were used as statistical methods to analyze the data. As a result, it was determined that the students who are studying at the Department of Sports Sciences in Bartın University had a little regret of career decisions and the scale scores of the students differed significantly according to their age, departments, grade, place of birth, academic average, residence place, part time working, fathers’ working statute and educational level. The fact that the study group consists of only one university is seen as a limitation. Therefore, for future studies it may be suggested to increase the number of participants by joining the different universities’ students in the Departments of Sports Sciences.

Les Activités Anthropiques, Sources de Pollutions Chimiques des Rivières Sô et Djonou Tributaires du lac Nokoué

Wilfrid Noudéhouénou Atchichoe — 2024-04-22

Les activités anthropiques constituent les principales sources de pollution des hydrosystèmes. La présente étude a pour objectif d’inventorier les différentes pressions qui s’exercent sur les tributaires (Sô et Djonou) du lac Nokoué. Ainsi, les études antérieures sur la qualité de ces rivières sont mises à contribution et sont complétées par une enquête d’observation selon une démarche scientifique qui a permis d’avoir une connaissance large des différentes pressions qui s’exercent sur les deux rivières. La formule de Schwarz (Kresic, 2007) et les données du RGPH4 ont permis de soumettre 255 ménages vivant dans les périmètres immédiats et rapprochés des deux rivières (Sô et Djonou) à un questionnaire d’enquête. Onze arrondissements à savoir sept ( Sô-Ava, Veky, houédo aguékon, dékanmè, ganvié 1 , ganvié 2 et Ahomey Lokpo) dans la commune de Sô-Ava et quatre (Godomey, Togba, ouédo et Hêvié) dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi abritant les deux rivières sont parcourus et une moyenne de vint-quatre (24) ménages par arrondissement sont soumis au questionnaire. Le dépouillement des données s’est accentué autour des thématiques telles que : Présence ou non d’un système d’assainissement, mode de gestion des déchets, diverses activités susceptibles de polluer les rivières, Cas fréquents de maladies et le traitement informatique est fait via un tableur Excel. Il en résulte que : Le lac Nokoué et ses affluents sont soumis à des pollutions chimiques, bactériologiques et organiques ayant majoritairement pour source les activités anthropiques(Etudes antérieures); ensuite, 64% des ménages ne disposent pas d’un système d’assainissement et pratiquent la defecation à l’air libre ; 72% des ménages font une mauvaise gestion des déchets ; 20% des ménages utilisent de l’engrais NPK dans l’agriculture et le maraîchage dans le périmètre immédiat et rapproché des rivières Sô et Djonou ; 69% des ménages abreuvent le cheptel directement à la rivière; 3% des ménages font le commerce de carburants avec des risques de déversement de ces produits pétroliers dans les rivières occasionnant de forte pollution chimique ; 14,41% des ménages utilisent des branchages d’acadja et des produits (1,80% des ménages) comme moyen de pêche ; 80,7% des ménages souffrent de façon récurrente des maladies suivantes: le paludisme, la diarrhée chronique, les infections cutanées Enfin, Les ménages souhaitent que des sensibilisations continues soient faites à leur endroit et sollicitent l’appui de l’état central/ONG pour construire davantage les ouvrages d’assainissement et bien gérer les déchets afin de réduire les divers cas de maladies.

Anthropogenic activities are the main sources of pollution of hydrosystems. The purpose of this study is to inventory the various pressures exerted on the tributaries (Sô and Djonou) of Lake Nokoué. Thus, previous studies on the quality of these rivers are put to use and are supplemented by an observation survey according to a scientific approach which has made it possible to have a broad knowledge of the different pressures exerted on the two rivers. The Schwarz formula (Kresic, 2007) and the RGPH4 data made it possible to submit 255 households living in the immediate and close perimeters of the two rivers (Sô and Djonou) to a survey questionnaire. Eleven districts, namely seven (Sô-Ava, Veky, houédo aguékon, dékanmè, ganvié 1, ganvié 2 and Ahomey Lokpo) in the commune of Sô-Ava and four (Godomey, Togba, ouédo and Hêvié) in the commune of Abomey -Calavi home to the two rivers are covered and an average of twenty-four (24) households per district are submitted to the questionnaire. The analysis of the data was accentuated around themes such as: Presence or not of a sanitation system, waste management method, various activities likely to pollute the rivers, frequent cases of illnesses and computer processing is done via an Excel spreadsheet. As a result: Lake Nokoué and its tributaries are subject to chemical, bacteriological and organic pollution, mainly due to anthropogenic activities (previous studies); then, 64% of households do not have a sanitation system and practice open defecation; 72% of households mismanage waste; 20% of households use NPK fertilizer in agriculture and market gardening in the immediate and near perimeter of the Sô and Djonou rivers; 69% of households water livestock directly from the river; 3% of households trade in fuels with the risk of these petroleum products spilling into rivers causing heavy chemical pollution; 14.41% of households use acadja branches and products (1.80% of households) as a means of fishing; 80.7% of households repeatedly suffer from the following diseases: malaria, chronic diarrhea, skin infections Finally, the people want continuous awareness-raising to be made about them and seek the support of the central state/NGO to build more sanitation facilities and properly manage waste in order to reduce the various cases of disease.

Evaluation de la Qualité de l’Eau du lac Azili et Risques Sanitaires Associés à sa Consommation dans le Quatrième Arrondissement de la Commune de Zagnanado (Sud Bénin)

Flavien Edia Dovonou — 2024-04-22

L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la qualité de l’eau du lac Azili ainsi que les risques sanitaires liés à sa consommation dans le quatrième arrondissement de Zagnanado. Les enquêtes de terrains ont été effectuées pour prendre connaissance du degré d’hygiène et d’assainissement sur l’île d’Agonvè et des éventuelles sources de pollution du dit lac. La taille de l’échantillon (50) a été déterminée conformément à la méthode de Schwartz (2002). Quant à l’échantillonnage, six sites ont été essentiellement échantillonnés en tenant compte des endroits les plus fréquentés par la population. Les analyses physico-chimiques effectuées en utilisant la spectrophotométrie et la méthode colorimétrique indiquent des valeurs non conformes aux normes béninoises des eaux de consommation et aux normes NQE des eaux de surface montrant ainsi une mauvaise qualité de la ressource en eau. La filtration sur membrane et l’ensemencement par incorporation ont été utilisés dans le cadre des analyses bactériologiques dont les résultats révèlent une forte charge en Coliformes totaux ( en moyenne 155,33 UFC/Ml) thermotolérants (en moyenne 24 UFC/mL) et Escherichia coli (en moyenne 39,66). Les eaux du lac Azili sont donc polluées du point de vue physico-chimique et bactériologique. L'amélioration des conditions d’hygiène et de l'assainissement sur l’île d’Agonvè est cruciale pour une bonne santé de la population mais aussi pour la préservation de cette ressource en eau.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of the water of Lake Azili as well as the health risks linked to its consumption in the fourth district of Zagnanado. Field surveys were carried out to understand the degree of hygiene and sanitation on the island of Agonvè and possible sources of pollution in the said lake. The sample size (50) was determined according to the method of Schwartz (2002). As for sampling, six sites were essentially sampled taking into account the places most frequented by the population. The physico-chemical analyzes carried out using the spectrophotometer method and the colorimetric method indicate values that do not comply with Beninese standards for drinking water as well as the NQE standard for surface water, thus indicating poor quality of the water resource. Membrane filtration and seeding by incorporation were used as part of the bacteriological analyses, the results of which revealed a high load of total Coliforms (on average 155.33 CFU/Ml) which were thermotolerant (on average 24 CFU/mL) and Escherichia coli (average 39.66). The waters of Lake Azili are therefore polluted from a physicochemical and bacteriological point of view. Improving hygiene and sanitation conditions on the island of Agonvè is crucial for the good health of the population but also for the preservation of this water resource.

The Effect of Bank Size, Net Interest Margin, and Capital Adequacy Ratio on Commercial Banks’ Return on Assets: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania

Kessellie Traore Mulbah — 2024-04-22

While the current body of literature offers valuable insights into the factors influencing bank financial performance, there is a significant paucity of empirical research focusing on least developed nations. This paper presents new evidence of the effect of bank size, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and net interest margin (NIM) on banks’ return on assets (financial performance) from the perspective of Tanzania – a least-developed country. We employed the Random Effect, and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression models utilizing a panel dataset spanning the period 2000 to 2022 of ten (10) Tanzanian commercial banks to examine the specific effect of the foregoing variables on commercial banks’ financial performance. The estimation results show that capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and bank size have positive significant effects on the financial performance of commercial banks in Tanzania. Whereas we found inconsistent results for the effect of NIM; while the random effect model shows a marginally significant positive effect on ROA, the GLS regression shows a significant negative effect, indicating that the effect of NIM could be either positive or negative depending on the context. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize measures aimed at promoting healthy levels of capital adequacy and encouraging the growth of larger banks while ensuring adequate oversight to mitigate potential risks associated with market dominance. Additionally, regulatory frameworks should be designed to foster competition and efficiency in the banking sector, facilitating a conducive environment for banks of all sizes to thrive and thus contribute to economic growth.

Phytochimie des Extraits de Sida acuta et Evaluation de la Toxicite de l’Extrait Aqueux

Youssouf Zanga Traore — 2024-04-22

Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer la toxicité de l’extrait aqueux de Sida acuta, une plante beaucoup utilisée en médecine traditionnelle par les populations ouest africaine et particulièrement ivoirienne. L’intérêt accordé à la dite étude est dû au besoin de garantir aux populations, une thérapie à base de plante sans risque de toxicité ou d’effet nocif. L’analyse de la phytochimie qualitative a été réalisée par la méthode de coloration en tubes et l’évaluation de la toxicité de l’extrait aqueux sur des souris blanches suivant la ligne Directrice 423 de l’OCDE, modifié en 2008. Les doses 300, 1000, 2000 et 5000 mg/kg de masse corporelle ont été administrées par gavage aux quatre lots expérimentaux. Seul le lot témoin a reçu de l’eau distillée. La phytochimie a révélé simultanément les stéroïdes et terpènes pour l’extrait aqueux et éthanolique 70% tandis que les alcaloïdes, polyphénols, et les flavonoïdes ont été révélés exclusivement dans l’extrait éthanolique 70%. La dose maximale de 5000 mg/kg de masse corporelle n’a enregistré aucun décès. Par conséquent, l’extrait aqueux de Sida acuta reste sans danger à l’usage par voie orale en médecine traditionnelle.

This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the aqueous extract of Sida acuta, a plant widely used in traditional medicine by West African and particularly Ivorian populations. The interest given to the said study is due to the need to guarantee populations a plant-based therapy without risk of toxicity or harmful effects. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out by the tube staining method and the evaluation of the toxicity of the aqueous extract on white mice following OECD Guideline 423, modified in 2008. Doses 300, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight were administered by gavage to the four experimental batches. Only the control batch received distilled water. Phytochemistry simultaneously revealed steroids and terpenes for aqueous and the 70% ethanolic extract while alkaloids, polyphenols, and flavonoids were revealed exclusively in the 70% ethanolic extract. The maximum dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight recorded no deaths. Therefore, the aqueous extract of Sida acuta remains safe for oral use in traditional medicine.

How Students Deal With Password Security: Case Study of Nalut University Students

Saida Issa Al -Jerbie — 2024-04-22

University students are the largest segment of society that uses modern technology, represented by computers and smart phones, and to ensure the security and integrity of information, students must consider the most common protection methods for conducting the electronic authentication process. This research seeks to evaluate the extent of awareness of Nalut University students about password policies. The size of the study sample was (539) students, and the average age of the sample was (between 18 and 20 years) out of 2177 students. The questionnaire was analyzed using the statistical analysis program SPSS, version (26). The results of the study showed that the level of awareness among Nalut University students was low, as their percentage was 49.8%. It was found that there is a relationship between gender and password policy among university students, where the p value was = 0.01.

Gestion des Déchets Ménagers et Risques sur l’Environnement dans la Ville d’Obala, Région du Centre au Cameroun

Christian Mbairessem Djimarbeye — 2024-04-22

La présente étude met en exergue le mode et les risques de gestion des déchets ménagers sur l’environnement dans la ville d’Obala dans le Département de la Lekié au Cameroun. Dans ces travaux, une enquête transversale descriptive subdivisée en deux, enquêtes géographiques et sociologiques, a été réalisée. L’échantillonnage utilisé s’est basé sur le choix au hasard des ménages, ainsi 30 ménages par quartier ont été mobilisés pour cette étude. Au total 120 ménages ont été choisis aléatoirement dans quatre (04) quartiers sur les sept (07) que compte la ville d’Obala; en plus, les entretiens ont été conduits auprès des responsables de la commune urbaine ainsi qu’avec 30 agents de la mairie en charge de la collecte des ordures. Les résultats révèlent que 53,3% des ménages enquêtés sont sous la charge des femmes. Par ailleurs, 92% de la population stocke leurs ordures ménagères solides dans des poubelles et 98% de ménages éliminent leurs déchets par rejet non contrôlé et/ou dans des décharges non autorisées d’où la présence de plusieurs dépôts sauvages d’ordures ménagères identifiés dans la ville. L’incinération à ciel ouvert, une source de pollution, est pratiquée à 99% comme mode de gestion pour l’élimination des ordures ménagères dans ces dépôts sauvage à Obala. La caractérisation des déchets de la ville a montré un taux élevé de la matière organique (53,1 %) comparé aux plastiques (20%).Concernant la connaissance de quelques maladies dues à la gestion des déchets ménagers, 63% des répondants aux enquêtes ont relevé le paludisme, 25% la diarrhée et 12% d’autres maladies. La présente étude indique que la gestion de déchets ménagers est inadéquate et constitue un réel problème de salubrité et de santé publique impliquant une menace pour le développement de la ville d’Obala, et pourtant, ces déchets ménagers offres des possibilités de valorisation énormes aux vues de leur typologie.

The present study highlights ways and risks of managing household wastes on the environment in the town of Obala in the Lekié Division of Cameroon. In this work, a cross-sectional descriptive survey subdivided into two, geographical and sociological, was carried out. The sampling method based on the random selection mobilized 30 households per quarter. A total of 120 households were randomly selected in four (04) of out the seven (07) districts of Obala, and interviews were conducted with urban council officials and 30 council agents in charge of refuse collection. The results showed that 53.3% of households surveyed are headed by women and 92% of the population stock their solid household waste in a garbage can. Moreover, 98% of households dispose of their waste by uncontrolled dumping and/or in unauthorized landfill sites, and a number of these unauthorized refuse dumps have been identified in the town. In Obala, 99% of household waste is disposed of at the dumping sites by open incineration leading to air pollution. Elsewhere, the characterization of these wastes showed a high rate of organic matter (53.1%) and of plastic (20%). Concerning awareness of some diseases caused by poor household waste management, 63% of respondents mentioned malaria, 25% diarrhea and 12% a number of other diseases. This study reveals that household waste management is inadequate and a real problem in terms of hygiene and public health, thus, a source of threat to the development of the town of Obala, despite household waste’s enormous potential for recycling.