Impact of Swollen Shoot Disease on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Cocoa farmers in Côte d'Ivoir
Keywords:
Cocoa, swollen shoot disease, impact, propensity score matching, livelihoodsAbstract
The Cocoa Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) due to badnavirus species is endemic in West Africa and caused significant and irreversible economy losses for smallholder cocoa farmers in infected areas in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. The impact of the disease on the small farmers livelihoods has been investigated at cocoa farm households level in Côte d‘Ivoire. For that, the propensity score matching method was used to construct a counterfactual and to compair group capturing the situation of affected households before the disease occuring on their plantation, based on the observable characteristics of non affected households. A total of 800 cocoa farmers were randomly interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results shown significant differences of expenditures for children's schooling and health of household’s with plantations infected by the disease compared to non affected. It was also found that households with swollen shoot in their cocoa plantation use less modern health services and invest less in children's education.
References
Adejumo, O., Okoruwa, V., Abass, A., & Salman, K. (2020). Postharvest
technology change in cassava processing: A choice
paradigm. Scientific African, 7, e00276.
Adolphe, M. G., Mourifie, I., Konan, J. L., Ibo, J. G., & Koulou, N.
(2016). Socio-economic impact of the coconut lethal yellowing
disease on Ivorian smallholder coconut farm families.
Agyeman-Boaten, S. Y., & Fumey, A. (2021). Effects of cocoa
swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) on the welfare of cocoa farmers
in Ghana: evidence from Chorichori community of the Sefwi
Akontombra district. SN Business & Economics, 1(11), 1-31.
Aka, A. R., Coulibaly, K., N’guessan, W. P., Kouakou, K., Tahi, G.
M., N’guessan, K. F., ... & Zakra, N. (2020). Cocoa swollen shoot
disease in Côte D’ivoire: history of expansion from 2008 to
International Journal of Sciences, 1, 52-60.
Akrofi, A. Y., Amoako-Atta, I., Assuah, M., & Kumi-Asare, E.
(2014). Pink disease caused by Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. &
Broome) Burdsall: an epidemiological assessment of its potential
effect on cocoa production in Ghana. Journal of Plant Pathology &
Microbiology, 5(1), 1.
Alibert, H. (1946). « Note préliminaire sur une nouvelle maladie du
cacaoyer le swollen shoot ». Agronomie Tropicale. Paris. V1. pp 34-
Banque Mondiale (2019). Au pays du cacao – Comment transformer
la Côte d'Ivoire. Juillet 2019 / Neuvième édition
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/32156 (consulté le 19/06/2021)
Benedetto, U., Head, S. J., Angelini, G. D., & Blackstone, E. H.
(2018). Statistical primer: propensity score matching and its
alternatives. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 53(6),
-1117.
Beegle K. Rajeev H. Dehjetia et Gatti R (2006). Child labor and
agricultural shocks. Journal of Development Economics
Bergstra, S. A., Sepriano, A., Ramiro, S., & Landewé, R. (2019).
Three handy tips and a practical guide to improve your propensity
score models. RMD open, 5(1), e000953.
Caliendo, M., & Tübbicke, S. (2020). New evidence on long-term
effects of start-up subsidies: matching estimates and their
robustness. Empirical Economics, 59(4), 1605-1631.
Clément, M. (2006). Impact redistributif des aides au logement en
Russie : une analyse de propensity score matching. Document de
Travail du CED. n° 132. Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
CNRA (2011). Guide de la lutte contre la maladie du swollen shoot
du cacaoyer en Côte d’Ivoire. Première édition.
De Janvry, A., Finan, F., Sadoulet, E., & Vakis, R. (2006). Can
conditional cash transfer programs serve as safety nets in keeping
children at school and from working when exposed to shocks
? Journal of development economics, 79(2), 349-373.
Diarra, I. (2018). Dynamique de la pauvreté en milieu rural agricole
ivoirien (Thèse de doctorat, Clermont Auvergne).
Dieng, M., Audibert, M., Le Hesran, J. Y., & Dial, A. T. (2015).
Déterminants de la demande de soins en milieu péri-urbain dans un
contexte de subvention à Pikine, Sénégal.
Dzahini-Obiatey, H. Owusu, D. et Amoah, F. M. (2010). Over
seventy years of a viral disease of cocoa in Ghana: From researchers’
perspective African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol 5 (7). pp
-485
Ezemenari, K., Rudqvist, A., & Subbarao, K. (2018). Impact
Evaluation: Concepts and Methods. Evaluation and Poverty
Reduction, 65-75.
Ferri-García, R., & Rueda, M. D. M. (2020). Propensity score
adjustment using machine learning classification algorithms to
control selection bias in online surveys. PloS one, 15(4), e0231500.
Guarcello, L., Mealli, F., & Rosati, F. C. (2010). Household
vulnerability and child labor: the effect of shocks, credit rationing,
and insurance. Journal of population economics, 23(1), 169-198.
Hütz-Adams, F. Huber, C. Knoke, I. Morazán, P. & Mürlebach, M.
(2016). Strengthening the competitiveness of cocoa production and
improving the income of cocoa producers in West and Central Africa
Sudwind eV: Bonn. 156
Jensen, R. (2000). Agricultural volatility and investments in
children. American Economic Review, 90(2), 399-404.
Kébé B.I., N'guessan K.F., Assiri A.A., Tahi G.M., N'guessan W.P.,
Aka A.R., Kouakou K. (2016). Bien lutter contre la maladie du
swollen shoot du cacaoyer en Côte d’Ivoire.
http://www.cnra.ci/downloads/ftec_cacao4_swollen_shoot.pdf
(consulté le 20/06/2021)
Kochou, S. H., & Rwenge, M. J. (2014). Social factors of the nonuse
or the inadequate use of prenatal care in Côte d’Ivoire. African
Evaluation Journal, 2(1), 12.
Kouakou, K., Kébé, B. I., Kouassi, N., Anno, A. P., Aké, S., &
Muller, E. (2011). Impact de la maladie virale du swollen shoot du
cacaoyer sur la production de cacao en milieu paysan à Bazré (Côte
d'Ivoire). Journal of Applied Biosciences 43 : 2947–957
Kouakou K. (2014). Diversité moléculaire du CSSV (Cocoa Swollen
shoot virus) et épidémiologie de la maladie du swollen shoot du
cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao l.) en côte d’ivoire. Thèse de Doctorat de
l’Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 135p.
Lechtenfeld, T., & Lohmann, S. (2014). The effect of drought on
health outcomes and health expenditures in rural vietnam (No. 156).
Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and Growth-Discussion
Papers.
Lechner, M., & Strittmatter, A. (2019). Practical procedures to deal
with common support problems in matching estimation. Econometric
Reviews, 38(2), 193-207.
Mbaye, S. (2010). Nouvelles méthodes d'analyse du bien-être et
moyens d'évaluation des programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté en
milieu rural sénégalais. Humanities and Social SciencesUniversité
d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I
Ramos-Sobrinho, R., Kouakou, K., Bi, A. B., Keith, C. V., Diby, L.,
Kouame, C., ... & Brown, J. K. (2021). Molecular detection of cacao
swollen shoot badnavirus species by amplification with four PCR
primer pairs, and evidence that Cacao swollen shoot Togo B viruslike
isolates are highly prevalent in Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal
of Plant Pathology, 159(4), 941-947.
Ravallion. Martin (2008). «Evaluating Anti-Poverty Programs». in
Handbook of Development Economics. vol. 4. éd Paul Schultz et John
Strauss Amsterdam: Hollande-Septentrionale
Scott, P. W. (2019). Causal Inference Methods for selection on
observed and unobserved factors: Propensity Score Matching, Heckit
Models, and Instrumental Variable Estimation. Practical Assessment,
Research, and Evaluation, 24(1), 3.
Steven, W. F. (1936). A new disease of cocoa in the Gold
Coast. Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 14.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 ESI Preprints
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
